Animal - Snake - Man Fuck Big Female Pyton.mpg

Male ball pythons, like all other male snakes, have paired reproductive organs, called hemipenes. These hemipenes normally reside inside the tail base of a male, in an inverted orientation. When it is time to breed, the snake will evert one of the hemipenes, and insert it into the cloaca of a female.

Ball pythons are typically regarded as small to medium-sized snakes. Most ball pythons reach total lengths of between 3 and 5 feet, although the occasional specimen may approach 6 feet in length. Ball pythons are sexually dimorphic, as females usually reach much larger sizes than males.

Animal - Snake - Man fuck big female pyton.mpg

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Ball pythons are generally healthy animals (particularly captive-bred individuals). But they can occasionally succumb to illness. Ball pythons rarely exhibit symptoms until their illness is already at an advanced state, so it is important to seek veterinary assistance any time your snake exhibits any of the following symptoms:

Within the group of BIBD-positive snakes were six (17.65%) that carried anti-UHV-1-NP IgY and seven (20.59%) positive for IgM. Four snakes (11.76%) carried both antibodies and 25 (73.53%) did not exhibit any anti-UHV-1 antibodies. The examination of UHV-1-NP antibodies in the BIBD-negative group identified 17 snakes (47.22%) with IgY and nine (25%) with IgM antibodies. A combination of IgY and IgM was detected in eight snakes (22.22%), whereas 18 (50%) were negative for both anti-UHV-1-NP antibodies. Of the BIBD-positives snakes seven (20.59%) had anti-UHV-1-NP-C IgY and 10 (29.41%) IgM antibodies. Both antibodies were found in five snakes (14.71%) and 22 (64.71%) were negative for IgY and IgM. Among the BIBD-negative animals 19 (52.78%) carried IgY and 17 (47.22%) were positive for IgM of which 16 (44.44%) also exhibited an IgY antibody response; 16 snakes (44.44%) did not carry any anti-UHV-1-NP-C antibodies.

We started by dividing the sample panel in BIBD positives and negatives based on the detection of IBs in blood cells, using blood smears stained under quality controlled conditions. We used the presence of IBs in combination with confirmed reptarenavirus infection as the diagnostic criteria for BIBD, since we consider it likely that the presence of reptarenavirus NP in the form of IBs in cells will eventually result in clinical signs and death of affected animals [1,12,13]. The examination of population parameters in our study did not show an association of age and the presence of IB, suggesting that the time and duration of the infection would not be a factor in the development of BIBD, though this is highly speculative as data on, for example, the introduction of individual animals was not available. Also, a dependency of sex and BIBD could not be shown, but we could demonstrate a statistically significant association between BIBD and reduced body weight in female snakes. While this may reflect the low number of snakes included in the study, it might also be indicative of metabolic or behavioural changes in the infected snakes. Since reptarenavirus replication is temperature sensitive [43], one could also speculate that the viruses replicate more efficiently in female snakes as these are housed at slightly higher temperatures. Further studies on the optimal reptarenavirus replication temperature would be required to address this hypothesis.

Here we explore the performance of BCIs in a large constricting snake species, the Burmese python (Python bivittatus). Snakes are perhaps ideal animals to explore BCI performance because their body plan is simple; they do not have appendages or other additional features that may change in shape and confound BCI inference. Like other squamates, pythons store fat in discrete fat bodies in their coelomic cavity, and the fat bodies can be removed and weighed during necropsy (i.e., wet-fat mass; [30]). In viperid and colubrid snakes, both the wet and dry weights for whole bodies and the wet and dry weights for fat bodies are highly correlated, suggesting that the proportional mass of water, organic matter, and inorganic matter in both whole bodies and fat bodies in snakes is constant [31].

Ball pythons (Python regius) are one of the most commonly kept and bred reptiles in captivity. In a large ball python breeding colony, a unique syndrome characterized by granulomatous inflammation of the cloaca and hemipenes (phalli) was observed in 140 of 481 (29.1%) breeding males, but only one of 1,446 breeding females. Lesions were absent in virgin males (n = 201) and virgin females (n = 293). On postmortem examination (n = 13, 12 males, 1 female), numerous well-defined mucosal and submucosal granulomas were present in the hemipenes (males) and cloaca (males and female). Extension into the coelomic cavity and liver was noted in a subset of these animals. An additional small subset of breeder animals (6/2027; 0.3%) presented with oral and mandibular swellings. Postmortem examination (n = 4, all female) showed oral lesions histologically indistinguishable from the cloacal/hemipenal lesions. Aerobic bacterial culture of a hepatic granuloma of one snake resulted in the isolation of filamentous, Gram-positive bacilli; amplification, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the isolate identified the bacterium as a novel species of Actinomyces. Screening of cloacal and oral granulomas using a specific, heminested 16S rRNA PCR assay confirmed the presence of the agent in all 17 snakes, as well as in cloacal swabs taken at the time of necropsy in 11/13 snakes. The Actinomyces sp. was also identified by PCR of cloacal swabs of unaffected snakes (n = 94) from the affected colony and two unrelated, grossly unaffected breeding colonies. In the affected colony, 65.5% of breeding animals (n = 23) but only 11.9% of virgin animals (n = 42) tested PCR positive, with breeding status being a significant predictor of bacterium presence (P Actinomyces. In stark contrast to male snakes, the presence of the bacterium in both breeding and virgin females was very rarely associated with clinical disease. Though additional studies are necessary, these data suggest a role for the novel bacterium in the disease process, a predilection for clinical disease in male snakes, and the potential for sexual transmission of the disease.

Ophionyssus natricis is the main species of mite that infests captive reptiles. High infestations may result in the host experiencing general discomfort and deleterious effects, even death. Moreover, O. natricis is an important vector of reptile vector-borne diseases and is considered to be the putative vector of the Reptarenavirus, the causal agent of the inclusion body disease. Despite the cosmopolitan distribution of O. natricis in captive reptiles, treatment options are limited. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany) in heavily infested, privately owned snakes, evaluate the prevalence of mites and drug availability in the plasma of treated snakes (pharmacokinetics) and perform a clinical examination of animals.

The study was conducted in two snake breeding facilities, where many snakes were infested with mites. Each animal was clinically examined and weighed, and mite infestations were assessed on the animals and in their enclosures (environment). Animals were treated with a dose of 2.5 mg afoxolaner per kilogram body weight (2.5 mg/kg) administered orally. All animals were examined pre-treatment (T0) and at various time points post-treatment (T1, 6 h; T2, 24 h; T3, 14 days; T4, 28 days). The collected mites were morphologically identified at the species level and the species identity also confirmed molecularly.

Overall, 81 snakes from the two participating facilities (i.e. 70 from site 1 and 11 from site 2) were screened, and 31 (38.3%) snakes were found to have at least one mite. All mites were identified morphologically and molecularly as O. natricis. Lampropeltis was the genus of snakes with highest number of infested individuals. Mites were found to be alive on snakes at T1, but at T2 only dead mites were observed, and at T3 and T4 mites were no longer present on the animals or in their environment. No side effects were observed in the treated snakes.

The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of afoxolaner in two heavily infested, privately owned collections of snakes, evaluate the prevalence of mites and drug availability in plasma (pharmacokinetics) and perform clinical examinations to determine the outcomes after treatment of the animals.

Following treatment, mites were alive at T1, while at T2 only dead mites were observed. From T3 up to T4 mites were no longer observed on animals nor in the environment. No dermatological signs were recorded at T4. The only gravid female (Lampropeltis getula californiae) and neonate (Lampropeltis triangulum sinaloae) infested were negative for mites after T2. No related adverse events were recorded after oral administration of afoxolaner in any of the snakes.

Key morphological features of the snake mite Ophionyssus natricis. a Female podonotal shield (red arrow) with 10 pairs of setae, b Female with minute pygidial shield (red arrow) without setae, c female with two pairs of minute mesonotal scutellae (red arrows), d Female sternal shield (red arrowe), e female anal shield with three setae (red arrows), f male femur III and IV without modified ventral setae, and femur III spur absent (red arrows); Scale bars: 100 μm (a, b, d, e); 50 μm (c, d, f)

The study of the venomous systems of animals, including invertebrates, snakes, lizards and frogs, has provided remarkable insight into their interactions with predators, prey and competitors, as well as yielding promising medical advances through development of pharmacological agents [1]. Offensive and defensive venom systems in mammals are far rarer and are comparatively little known. Of the species known or suspected to be venomous, virtually nothing is known about Haitian solenodons (Solenodon paradoxurus); studies of the venom of European water shrews (Neomys fodiens) and American short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda) are restricted mainly to capture-recapture studies; researchers still cannot resolve if European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are truly venomous [2, 3]; recent detailed research on the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) reveals strong convergence between reptile and mammal venomous systems [4]; the oral secretions of vampire bats have only recently been intensively studied, revealing a suite of complex venomous proteins [5]. Whittington et al. [4] point out that the study of chemical and genetic aspects of venom can help to elucidate the evolution of this rare trait in mammals. Dufton [6] posits that our knowledge of mammal venom is only in its infancy, and that even more species of mammals may harbour venomous adaptations. 2ff7e9595c